Sound Bite
Brewing Battles is the comprehensive story of American beer and the American brewing industry, from its colonial beginnings to the present.
Although today's beer companies have their roots in pre-Prohibition business, historical developments since Repeal have affected the industry over all, from individual brewers like Anheuser-Busch to the micro-brewers, and have influenced the tastes and habits of beer-drinking consumers as well.
This book explains beer as a business and as a pleasure in America.
About the Author
Amy Mittelman holds a Ph.D. in history from Columbia University, with a special focus on the politics of alcohol production, and a bachelor’s degree in nursing from the University of Massachusetts. She is the author of “Who Will Pay the Tax” and “A Conflict of Interest” as well as many reference articles. Amy has taught history at Stevens Institute of Technology, Hampshire College and Mount Holyoke. She has taught nursing at Holyoke Community College, and she worked as a nurse for four years in a methadone clinic.
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About the Book
From local and collegial to consolidated and competitive, the brewing industry followed a pattern that illustrates many of the changes that have taken place in the American business and cultural landscape over the past 100+ years.
Brewing Battles...
From local and collegial to consolidated and competitive, the brewing industry followed a pattern that illustrates many of the changes that have taken place in the American business and cultural landscape over the past 100+ years.
Brewing Battles explores the struggle of German immigrant brewers to establish themselves in America, within the context of federal taxation and a growing temperance movement, their losing battle against Prohibition, their rebirth and transformation into a corporate oligarchy, and the determination of home and micro brewers to reassert craft as the "raison d'etre" of brewing.
Brewing Battles looks at beer's cultural meaning from the vantage point of the brewers and their goals for market domination. Beer consumption changed over time, beginning with an alcoholic high in the early 19th century and ending with a neo-temperance low in the early 21st. The public places where people drank also changed from colonial ordinaries in peoples' homes to the saloon and back to home via the disposable six pack. The book explores this story as brewers fought to create and control these changing patterns of consumption.
Drinking alcohol has remained a favored activity in American society and while beer is ubiquitous, our country harbors a persistent ambivalence about drinking. An examination of how the industry prevailed in a sometimes unreceptive environment exemplifies how business helps shape public opinion.
Brewing Battles reveals the complicated changes in the economic clout of the industry. Prior to the institution of the income tax in 1913 the liquor industry contributed over 50% of the federal government's internal revenue; 19th century temperance advocates portrayed the liquor industry as King Alcohol. Today their tax contribution is only 1% yet brewing actually has a much more pervasive influence, touching on almost every aspect of modern American life and contributing greatly to the GNP. Brewing Battles is this story.
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More Information
Listen to Amy's interview on KSKQ 89.5 FM in Ashland, Oregon, with Ginger Johnson on Women Enjoying Beer.In between some good fun beer-drinking tunes, she quickly outlines the experience of American beer brewers in relation to shifts in government policy, Prohibition and Repeal, and changes in the business environment including corporate consolidations starting late in the 20th century.
Listen to Amy's interview on KSKQ 89.5 FM in Ashland, Oregon, with Ginger Johnson on Women Enjoying Beer.In between some good fun beer-drinking tunes, she quickly outlines the experience of American beer brewers in relation to shifts in government policy, Prohibition and Repeal, and changes in the business environment including corporate consolidations starting late in the 20th century.
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Reference & Research Book News - May 2008 | More »
Reference & Research Book News - May 2008
An American historian specializing in the politics of alcohol production, Mittelman surveys the economics and regulation as well as official and popular political forces affecting the brewing, selling, and consumption of beer from colonial times to 2006. Central to her story, though by no means the whole thing, is the role that alcohol and tobacco taxes played in supporting the financial activities of the US government from 1862 to 1913, and how beer brewers reacted by forming the country's oldest trade association, which lasted 124 years.
CHOICE Science & Technology - RECOMMENDED - ALL READERS. | More »
CHOICE Science & Technology - RECOMMENDED - ALL READERS.
Mittelman, historian and writer, provides a detailed history of American beer in this book that spans the early Colonial days to the present. American beer has been influenced by many German and Czech immigrants who brought their brewing expertise to the US and founded many breweries. The important topics of taxation and regulation of alcoholic beverages are comprehensively described. Organizations such as the United States Brewers Organization, which enabled brewers to work cooperatively together, are a significant part of the history. Prohibition, dry geographic regions, and the legal drinking age have all impacted the brewing industry. As young adults began to drive regularly, auto accidents associated with alcohol consumption became an issue, and organizations such as Mothers against Drunk Driving (MADD) were established. Technology issues, such as the sterilization of beer and the development of better containers, are also part of this history. The work contains eight chapters and includes many references for those who want to read original sources. Summing up: RECOMMENDED – ALL READERS.
May 2008
Amherst Bulletin
Attention beer lovers: This one's for you Everyone knows the name Sam Adams - if not the beer then the colonial-era patriot and prominent maltster who encouraged home production and consumption of beer. But fewer are familiar with Colonel Jacob Ruppert. The George Steinbrenner of the mid-20th century, Ruppert owned the New York Yankees from 1914 until his death in 1939. He also owned the Ruppert Brewery, which had million-barrel sales prior to Prohibition and was a leader of the brewing industry during Prohibition and Repeal. Babe Ruth was at his deathbed and over 15,000 people attended his funeral including Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia and Lou Gehrig. Such tidbits of American breweriana are available in a new book by Amherst historian and writer Amy Mittelman. Brewing Battles: A History of American Beer is a story of the American brewing industry and its leading figures, from colonial days to the present. The chronicle includes the story of the struggle of German immigrant brewers to establish themselves in America, and the more recent emergence of micro-brewers.
December 14, 2007
Appellation Beer Blog, March 19, 2008 | More »
Appellation Beer Blog, March 19, 2008
Mittleman has a Ph.D. in history with a special focus on the politics of alcohol production. Obviously that includes examining the role of Prohibitionists, but also taxation — an issue with beer long before the first European settlers arrived in America. The United States Brewers Association (USBA), the nation’s oldest trade association, was formed in 1862, not coincidentally the same year the federal government started taxing beer. The USBA worked with the government, the government assured that taxes would be collected and the brewers minimizing (as much as they could) how much they would be taxed. Despite increasing rhetoric from Prohibitionists this was a solid partnership for more than 50 years. Until ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment (introducing federal income tax) in 1913 liquor industry taxes provided more than 50 percent of the federal government’s revenue. Little wonder that if you browse through the USBA’s annual yearbooks from the ‘teens you get a sense that the government surely would not ban the sale of alcohol and eliminate the source of most its income. By 1920 they were wrong about the income and wrong about Prohibition. Prohibition did not end simply because the federal government, and now the states (which generally had not taxed liquor), reconsidered the need for the taxes liquor generated. However it did take them only a week after beer resumed shipping to pass new taxes. And 75 years later we’re still debating “sin” taxes. That’s not all there is to this book. It’s certainly academic in tone, with even more footnotes than Ambitious Brew (don’t take that wrong; I like footnotes), but Mittleman doesn’t settle for just economics and politics. Often the details are more interesting than sweeping generalizations, most of which you may already have read. These may be quick facts, such as what brewery workers were paid in the 1860s, or a mixture of culture and politics, like the debate between those who wanted to make the annual release of bock beer a major promotion and those who wanted to discontinue production altogether. She certainly sees the big picture, for instance using the Miller Brewing arc — beginning with Frederick Miller in the 19th century, rattling the brewing industry in the mid-20th century when Philip Morris buys the company, and continuing in the 21st century as a global company after being acquired by South African Breweries — to take us right up to today. She does not linger over modern micro/craft brewing, but does get to a point at least one person (me) thinks matters. The emergence of craft brewing highlights a battle within the brewing industry over authenticity and identity. Since World War II the national brewers have connected beer to all things American — baseball, barbeques, race cars, and pretty, sexy women. Yet the nationalizing of the beer industry removed one of the most potent aspects of beer’s identity — localism. The new generation of brewers emphasizes its connection to place and community even more than taste. They stake a claim to authenticity via their roots in a specific locale.
http://appellationbeer.com/blog/book-review-learning-from-brewing-battles/
Valley Advocate February 20, 2008 | More »
Valley Advocate February 20, 2008
Since German brewers first attempted to institute themselves in America and effectively created the brewing industry, beer has gone from marginalized to outlawed to mass-produced. For many, the act of drinking beer is no longer in pursuit of effect, but is rather a thing of taste. Amherst writer Amy Mittelman’s love of beer extends beyond taste. Inspired by the number of establishments in the area that celebrate beer and make legions of micro-brews available to more discerning imbibers, Mittelman penned Brewing Battles, a comprehensive history of American beer and its journey from humble beginnings to its current iconic status. Mittelman is hosting a book party at the Amherst Brewing Company, where she’ll give a talk and sign books before partaking of the heady brew she so admires.
Sarah Gibbons
Springfield Republican, February 21, 2008 | More »
Springfield Republican, February 21, 2008
If news reports about the war in Iraq have got you down, let me recommend some reading about a more enjoyable set of hostilities: "Brewing Battles" by Amherst author Amy Mittelman. Mittelman, who holds a doctorate in history (with a focus on alcohol production - more on that later) from Columbia University, recently published this exhaustive tome which touches on numerous aspects of brewing history in the United States..."Brewing Battles" peers through a glass brightly at the American brewing industry from colonial days to the present. From the early days of the nation, through the struggles of German immigrant brewers to establish themselves up to Prohibition and the modern craft beer movement, the book leaves no stone - or coaster - unturned in its search for how beer has affected both American culture and government. <p>Mittelman said she decided to write the book for several reasons. "I had done earlier work on the liquor industry and I saw so many areas of change, but also of continuity," she said. "If you look at what brewers said in 19th century, it's not that different than what they say today and I wanted to explore that. I also felt that the whole nexus of alcohol and government income before Prohibition was fascinating." This nexus to which Mittelman refers is the fact that prior to the institution of the income tax in 1913, the liquor industry taxation provided more than 50 percent of the federal government's internal revenue. It was when she learned this fact, years ago, she said, that led her to focus on alcohol production in her doctoral program. <p>With her background, Mittelman could have chosen other alcoholic beverages for the topic of her book, but she believed beer was the right choice. "When I was looking at it, I wanted something with a long historical span and the history of beer appeared more cohesive," she said. "There were also more identifiable players in the beer industry. Beer has a more indispensable everyday image." <p>[Asked about her research,] Mittelman said, “I was amazed how modern those 19th century brewers were in how they approached economic and government issues. And if you look at the modern period, beer has achieved the goal of those early German brewers to make it a national beverage." The book also looks at how brewers shape changing patterns of American alcohol consumption: What we drink, how we drink and even where we drink.” <p>And be forewarned, this is not light reading, nor a book to be read after more than one or two beers. There are footnotes and references that rival the most scholarly of publications. "I wanted to write a book that was easy to read but one that was also well-researched," Mittelman said. <p>Although larger breweries continue to merge and craft brewers make inroads into the market, Mittelman sees little changing in brewing's foreseeable future. "I think we really have had a two-tiered industry for a while now and we'll probably continue to have that," she said. "Going back a long way in 1880s, when some brewers started adding corn to make a lighter beer, there was always a percentage of market that wanted hoppier beers, and that's who the microbrewers are serving today."
George Lenker (thebeernut@ verizon.net)
A Good Beer Blog
This is the best book on US beer history I have had my hands on. The level of research and detail is simply richer that found in Ambitious Brew and, unlike Beer In America: The Early Years, it's not just about the early years. There are details about the relative standard of living of brewery workers, attention to the implications of the labour movement as well as little reliance on court documents (which I recognize as a lawyer as something of a wonky class of record to rely upon, given its purpose). Many of the citations relating to contemporaneous articles, many from the brewing trade journals of the day. There is a good explanation of the role of taxation and beer from the Civil War when it became a prime source of Federal Revenue to WWI when income tax replaced it, thus assisting in the freeing up beer to be part of prohibition. While not as dry as Tremblay and Tremblay, there is an academic tone to the book but once you are rolling along with the text, it's not an issue…. The quality of the footnoting which, combined with internet news archiving and Google Books, allows the reader to corroborate much of the detail on the go if that is what you are into. Buy it.
Alan (Ontario)
www.brewingnews.com Aug/Sept 2008 | More »
www.brewingnews.com Aug/Sept 2008
For years there needed to be a good general history of American brewing. Now, a year after Maureen Ogle published Ambitious Brew, Amy Mittelman has come out with Brewing Battles. Mittelman is a little more ambitious than Ogle; Mittelman goes back to colonial times. But while Ogle’s book is for the general reader, Mittelman’s … is recommended to people dedicated to beer history. The [evolution of the] United States Brewers Association, Mittelman argues, reflects the story of growth, competition, and consolidation that has marked the years since Repeal…. The most interesting finding in Mittelman’s research concerns the birth of beer taxation in 1862. The Lincoln Administration had to raise taxes to pay for the Civil War. Members of Congress debating the bill argued about how intoxicating beer was. Prominent Republicans characterized the effects of lager as “sometimes eccentric and amusing,… not as intoxicating but rather as exhilarating.”
Martin Morse Wooster
Minnesota History
"The history of the American brewing industry is a history of a battle between control and individual freedom," writes Amy Mittelman in the introduction to her far-reaching study, Brewing Battles: A History of American Beer. Her carefully researched book details many battles under this rubric, from colonial times to the present: federal taxation and regulation as opposed to individual (and then united) brewers' desires to control their own destiny; moral regulation in the form of Prohibition versus individuals' wishes to control their own behavior; and corporate conglomeration challenged by craft brewers and niche marketers. Mittelman does not neglect ethnicity in this story, telling how immigrant German and Czech brewers made lager king of American beers.
Fall 2008, p. 126
US drinks to 75 years since end of Prohibition | More »
US drinks to 75 years since end of Prohibition
December 5, 2008 WASHINGTON (AFP) [link to full article] - Americans will Friday toast the 75th anniversary of the end of Prohibition, a dry spell that began in 1920 when a constitutional amendment outlawed alcohol throughout the United States.... "Income tax was introduced in 1913, and once the war was over, the world economy going again and revenue was coming in, the alcohol industry no longer had the excuse that it provided a big revenue source for the federal government," he explained.
So in 1920, pushed by conservative temperance advocates, the United States embarked on the 'Noble Experiment,' as Prohibition was called.
Some say the experiment worked, at least in part.
"For a long period following Prohibition, drinking levels stayed down," said Amy Mittelman, who has a doctorate in US history from Columbia University and has authored a book on American beer.
"So if the goal of Prohibition was to moderate or ameliorate the effects of alcohol abuse, then to a certain extent it succeeded," she said.
"But in large cities like New York, Washington, Chicago or San Francisco, it was never accepted and that generated a degree of non-compliance and lawlessness," she said.
According to Thornton, proponents of Prohibition argued that it would "enhance democracy and the political process, reduce crime and corruption, improve health, reduce addiction."
Instead, abusive drinking increased and crime -- in particular violent crime -- doubled during the 13 years of Prohibition, he said.
AFP - New York Times, in Yahoo!Xtra News
Will Beer Be the Next Casualty of the Crisis? | More »
Will Beer Be the Next Casualty of the Crisis?
The downturn could hurt high-end brewers [link to full article]
The beer industry is often described as immune to economic downturns. After all, when people get laid off, they want to nurse their sorrows with a cold one, right?
It turns out that, as the beer industry has gone increasingly upscale, the answer to that question is no longer simple. In recent years, beer sales have been relatively flat except in one category—craft beers, which are made by small, independent brewers. Amy Mittelman, author of Brewing Battles: A History of American Beer, says that the heyday for such high-end, specialty beers could soon be over as consumers look to cut costs. Mittelman spoke to U.S. News about the future—and history—of the American beer industry.
By Kimberly Palmer for US News and World Report
Some issues transcend countries, eras | More »
Some issues transcend countries, eras
Some issues transcend countries, eras By Bob Townsend For the Journal-Constitution Published on: 08/14/08 When "Brewing Battles: A History of American Beer" by Amy Mittelman (Algora Publishing, $22.95) was published this year, the U.S. merger of Coors-Molson and SAB Miller into MillerCoors was still a big beer story. But the recent deal Belgian-based multinational brewing giant InBev struck to buy Anheuser-Busch has become even bigger news, potentially changing the face of what Joe Six-Pack considers an American icon —- namely, Budweiser. Mittelman, who holds a doctorate in history from Columbia University, with a special focus on the politics of alcohol production, has been putting the InBev/Anheuser-Busch deal into perspective on her blog (www.amymittelman.com). And her book offers a solid overview of the American brewing business and its leading figures, from Colonial days to the present, including the stories of the pioneering German immigrant brewers, the Busch family, and the contemporary entrepreneurs of craft brewing. Q: Why the title "Brewing Battles"? Has American brewing always been a battleground? A: If you look at the history of beer and the brewing industry in America, going back even to the Colonial period, it has been a battle. The early settlers came from European countries, where there was beer, and it was a battle to re-create the kind of beer they were used to drinking. When the Germans came, their struggle was to make lager beer as popular a drink in America as it was in Germany. The German brewers also had to struggle with the federal government taxing and regulating their industry. Then, of course, there was the temperance movement and Prohibition. Since then, it's been the battles between the brewers, and the neotemperance movement. Q: In doing research for the book, what were some things that most surprised or interested you? A: What ultimately interested me was that over this whole span of time a lot the themes stayed very similar —- and that had to do with taxation and the federal presence in the industry. You can look at the late 20th century and see the brewers fighting against a tax increase, and the arguments are pretty much the same as the German brewers were using in the 1860s. But my approach to that history was not to look at Busch or Miller and read it back. I was trying to tell a more organic story about how the brewing industry developed in America. Q: What have been the most dynamic periods for American beer? A: From the Civil War until around 1900 was when beer was really booming. Beer became much more the standard drink in America, and there was a huge increase in the number of people drinking beer. But there was also intense competition, and the aggregate number of brewers did decline in that period. More recently, the '60s into the '70s, the number of brewers declined again, but the number of people drinking beer increased. Q: What's your take on the smaller, craft brewing segment of the beer market? A: In a lot of ways, the craft brewers are the descendants of those original German brewers. They developed because there was a segment of the beer drinking population that wasn't being served. Some of that was met by imports, and the early craft brewers essentially positioned themselves like an import to tap into that market. Now they try to base their appeal on being local and authentic. Authenticity is a big thing in our society now with all kinds of products. People want to buy things that they know where and how it was produced. Q: Taking off your historian hat for a minute, what's your personal reaction to the InBev/Anheuser-Busch deal? A: I was a little surprised by the deal. Anheuser-Busch has certainly been effective representing itself as a monolith that couldn't change. But as a historian and an observer of American society, the whole nature of our economy is change. I don't really feel like it's a tragedy for America or anything. People say that it's iconic and that it defines America, but that's not really what I want to define America. When Anheuser-Busch got 50 percent [of the parent company] of Corona, should Mexicans have been upset? Q: After the InBev deal goes through, who will be able to lay claim to the title of the biggest American brewery? A: MillerCoors will have a hard time doing that, since they're owned by a South African company. Anheuser-Busch is still going to try —- they're about to come out with Budweiser American Ale. Pabst only has 3 percent of the beer market, and they're really a marketing company, since Pabst is brewed by MillerCoors. Boston Beer Co. and its label Sam Adams has had some of the same perception problems. I think that the bigger craft brewers —- like Sierra Nevada —- will have the best claim. But we'll have to wait and see. btowns@bellsouth.net
Bob Townsend
Business History Review, Harvard University | More »
Business History Review, Harvard University
Brewing Battles is a study of the relations between government and the beer industry, specifically on the impact of taxation and the industry’s continuing struggle to keep the forces of temperance at bay. The descriptions of the cultural history of beer, featuring the barons who developed dynastic businesses, add the froth.
Amy Mittelman’s introductory point, that “the United States is a beer drinking country,” will surprise few people. She adds that “Americans drink an average of twenty-two gallons of beer a year” (p. 5). Since colonial days, beer drinking, both legal and illegal, has been an integral part of American life—in households and taverns, at work and in leisure, at public and private celebrations, and in wars. In the 1840s, the industry’s growth was sharply boosted by the large influx of Germans, whose brewers created a lighter lager beer. Its popularity contributed to a threefold increase in per capita consumption of beer between 1840 and 1860. On the eve of the Civil War, 1,269 breweries operated in the country. New York led the rest of the states in malt-beverage production. In 1862, the federal government passed the Internal Revenue Act, which contained provisions for taxing certain manufactured goods, including alcoholic beverages, as a way to finance the war. Mittelman notes, this excise tax “marked the entrance of the federal government into the affairs of the liquor industry; it has never left” (p. 24). Until the creation of the federal income tax in 1913, liquor taxes supported the country’s economic health, a symbiosis whose morality is rarely considered.
In 1862, brewers founded the United States Brewers Association (USBA), the nation’s first trade association, mainly in order to limit taxation and gain autonomy from the state. To achieve these goals, it set about establishing cordial relations with the government. The industry’s productive capacity increased from 6.6 million barrels of beer in 1870 to over 39 million by 1900, resulting in profits of nearly one billion dollars. The growth was driven by a number of factors: mass immigration; the formation of large national shipping breweries (facilitated by refrigeration and the construction of extensive railroad and communications lines), such as Anheuser-Busch and Pabst; more leisure time for male workers; and relatively low beer prices. Major brewing centers grew up in Milwaukee, St. Louis, Chicago, and New York. Consolidation accompanied growth as the number of brewers declined from 4,131 in 1873 to fewer than 2,000 by 1900. This trend continued into the 1990s, when craft brewing rose to prominence, bifurcating the industry into national industry giants and local and niche brewers.
More problematic than taxation was the threat of prohibition, which intensified toward the end of the nineteenth century. Following their initial focus on saloons—sites of a vibrant immigrant, male-centered, working-class political and social culture—temperance advocates turned their attention first to soldiers, then to the beer manufacturers, and eventually to the producers, including the distilled-liquor industry. The Ohio-based Anti-Saloon League made inroads with its temperance campaign at the state level, and it pushed for national prohibition. As the USBA’s influence in the nation’s capital declined with the passage of a national income tax and the rise of anti-German sentiment during World War I, the organization was unable to prevent passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1919.
The few brewers that survived Prohibition did so by turning to dairy farming and agriculture. Alongside these legal operations, there emerged an illicit, sometimes violent, trade in bootlegging, speakeasies, and other illegal activities. In 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected president with widespread support from the urban working class that opposed Prohibition. As federal revenues dropped to a dangerous low, Congress repealed the Nineteenth Amendment. By 1936, excise taxes on alcoholic beverages contributed 13 percent of federal tax revenues and helped to finance New Deal programs. The beer industry, now back in business, reconstituted its former cooperative relations with the federal government. Industry regulation was generally imposed at the state level, mostly through wholesale and retail fees and taxes.
In the decades after repeal, the industry employed techniques of modern advertising, extensive lobbying, and self-policing to fend off prohibitionists and stricter regulation. Higher taxes and the curtailment of production due to rationing during World War II and the Korean conflict were only temporary setbacks. Structural changes in the sector after 1950, however, reduced the number of brewers. By 1960, only 229 brewers were operating, the lowest on record. Industry restructuring and ownership changes led to the decline of traditional, family-based brewing dynasties. The majority-ownership purchase of Miller by W. R. Grace in 1966, and its subsequent sale to the tobacco giant Phillip Morris in 1969, kicked off this trend, which accelerated after 1980 as foreign companies bought up American brewers. Internal industry tensions brought about the dissolution of the USBA in 1986 and its replacement by multiple trade groups.
At the beginning of the 1980s, new measures were passed targeting teenage drinking and drunk driving. Brewers joined anti-drunk-driving groups and developed public-service announcements that emphasized the personal responsibility of individual drinkers: recall the popular slogan, “Friends Don’t Let Friends Drive Drunk.” Despite increases in beer taxes and passage of laws to raise the legal drinking age, advertising restrictions, and bottle-deposit laws, the beer industry continues to thrive today, although it operates under a different ownership structure. Mittelman has drawn from a variety of trade-association publications, government reports, newspapers, and secondary sources for this overview of the development of beer and its place in the American cultural and economic landscape. The sections on business–government relations, determined prohibitionists, and internal industry dynamics are strong. However, the book could have benefited from a more streamlined narrative and fewer “fillers.” The sketches of the main companies and their founders, while entertaining, often read like encyclopedic entries forced into the narrative. Other digressions interrupt the chronology and flow, a problem that the author could have mitigated by organizing the book according to key topics or themes. Her treatment of labor relations is often perfunctory and incomplete. These criticisms aside, Brewing Battles offers the historian and beer enthusiast alike a competent overview of an important industry.
Howard R. Stanger, Professor, Wehle School of Business, Canisius College
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Pages 228
Year: 2007
LC Classification: TP573.U6M58
Dewey code: 641.2'309'dc22
BISAC: BUS023000
BISAC: CKB007000
Soft Cover
ISBN: 978-0-87586-572-0
Price: USD 22.95
Hard Cover
ISBN: 978-0-87586-573-7
Price: USD 34.95
eBook
ISBN: 978-0-87586-574-4
Price: USD 18.95
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